Color control and detection of printed images

In print copying, there is a considerable proportion of the number of color printed images. The color print image is formed by superimposing and printing the three primary colors of cyan, magenta, and yellow to give various colors, so that the color original image can be reproduced. In the copying, due to various processes and production factors, the color of the printed image does not restore the original color well. In order to obtain a satisfactory print image quality, the image color must be detected in the print production, and the color reproduction quality is controlled by adjusting some of the print variables.
First, the main factors affecting the quality of color reproduction In the graphic copying machine, there are many factors that affect the color reproduction image, such as: dot expansion, printing color sequence and overprint, ink hue and density, ink temperature and viscosity, water supply (Offset), paper properties, printing plate depth, printing pressure, etc.
1. In the course of printing, the network expansion will always occur, but there will be many quality problems when the amount of expansion exceeds a certain range. Such dot enlargement will reduce the contrast of the image and make the whole image darker, dark dots will be crushed, and the copy hue will change drastically. When the image dots of various colors in printing are expanded at the same time, the image will become darker. When only one of the dots is enlarged, the copied image will have a color cast. For example, when the magenta version dot coverage expands in the middle tone, and 50% of dots change to 55%, the color of the printed image becomes reddish and the flesh color becomes uneven. Red, neutral color becomes light red, green is dirty. Both the printing pressure and the density of the ink in the field affect dot gain. Small changes in printing pressure can cause significant changes in the entire printed image; when the density of the ink in the field increases, the dot gain increases, which has a great influence on the tone in the image.
2. In printing color sequence and overprinting color image printing, the ink is overprinted in one color and one color, overprinting will produce color deviation, color mixing and gradation disorder. Printing color sequence has a great influence on the color effect of overprinting. For multi-color printing presses, the printing interval time of each color ink is short, and the ink after printing is overprinted on the surface of printing wet ink, which belongs to the printing state of “wet and wet”. The ink printed on the paper surface in the overprinting color is superior to the ink printed on the surface of the wet ink layer. For two colors of ink, as long as the color sequence is reversed, the hue, brightness, and saturation of the overprint color may be different. If the cyan and magenta inks are overprinted, the magenta is printed first, then the magenta is overprinted; the magenta is printed after the magenta, and the overprinting is reddish.
In order to obtain a good overprinting effect, the viscosity of each color ink should be properly arranged after the color sequence is scheduled.
3. The inks used in ink hue and in-situ density printing production have different degrees of color shift, so that the printed image produces color cast. Therefore, color ink with less color deviation should be used for color printing. The density of the solid ink density on the surface of the printed image determines the print image tone and tone reproduction range. The higher the density in the field, the wider the tone and tone reproduction range. The small density in the field reduces the color saturation of the image and the overprinting color weakens.
4. Ink Viscosity and Viscosity In printing image reproduction, ink viscosity is a very important parameter. In general gravure printing uses liquid ink, and in the inking apparatus, there is no ink distribution and ink licking mechanism. The ink viscosity is controlled by adding an appropriate amount of solvent to the ink tank. Offset and embossing generally use viscous ink, which is very viscous. In order to transfer the ink uniformly from the printing plate to the paper surface, both the offset printing and the embossing machine have a uniform ink and a re-inking device. The ink is squeezed, sheared, and separated during the transfer and smoothing of the rollers between these devices. The roller works to overcome the internal friction of the ink, and the temperature of the surface of the ink roller is increased, and the roller is subjected to extrusion, shearing, and separation during the process of being transferred and being evened. The roller works in order to overcome the internal friction of the ink, so that the surface temperature of the ink roller increases, and the viscosity of the ink that is transferred decreases. After the ink becomes thin, the amount of ink carried on the surface of the roller is reduced, and the amount of ink transferred to the surface of the paper is reduced, which changes the tone and tone of the printed image and destroys the consistency of the printed image. Some studies have shown that: After the printer is turned on and printed, the color deviation of the printed image is 60% due to the temperature change of the ink roller.
5. Offset ink balance Balancing ink production balance directly affects image copy quality. The small amount of water will make the plate dirty, paste version; water ambassador ink emulsification, so that the color saturation of the printed image is reduced.
Second, the detection of color printing image The color of the color printing image is formed by overlapping the yellow, magenta, and blue three primary colors of ink in different proportions. Instead of measuring the color on the screen when measuring the color of a printed image, the quality control strip printed at the same time as the printed image is measured. The control strip is generally placed at the tip of the printed sheet. With the measuring instrument, the corresponding color patches of the control strips can be used to obtain the printing quality information, such as the solid density, overprinting rate, dot gain, dot density, neutral ash reduction, contrast and other parameters of each primary color ink to judge the image tone and tone reproduction.
There are three measurement methods for measuring the color of printed images, namely densitometer measurements, colorimeter measurements, and spectrophotometer measurements.
1. Densitometer Measurement Densitometers are the main instruments for color separation, plate making and printing. This measurement method has always been the most commonly used form of objective evaluation of quality in the printing industry. Densitometers are inexpensive and widely used. When the densitometer measures the color surface, only the relative amount of a certain color ink in the printing can be obtained. It cannot indicate the hue of the measured color. Densitometer measurements are not associated with a variety of color systems and therefore cannot be described in color language. The density meter has certain limitations in color measurement and evaluation. It is not a standard color measurement instrument.
2. Colorimeter Colorimeter is a visual response that is proportional to the color tristimulus values ​​X, Y, and Z, obtained by direct measurement of the surface of the measured color. After conversion, the X, Y, and Z values ​​of the measured color are also obtained. These values ​​can be converted to other color parameters of the color space. The colorimeter is a special density meter with three broadband filters. Due to the fact that the instrument itself and the principle are thick in certain errors, the absolute accuracy of the color measurement value is not good. However, due to its low price, it is still a widely used color measuring instrument.
3. Spectrophotometer (spectrometric spectrophotometer) A colorimetric spectrophotometer measures the reflectance of light on the surface of each wavelength of the visible spectrum. The light of the visible spectrum is irradiated with the color surface at a certain step distance (5 nm, 10 nm, 20 nm), and the reflectance is measured point by point. The spectrophotometric curve of the surface of the measured color can be obtained by plotting the reflectance value of each wavelength of light with each wavelength. Each spectrophotometric curve uniquely expresses a color. The measured value can also be converted to other color system values. Spectrophotometer is a flexible, ideal color measurement instrument. At present, color measuring instruments for color quality inspection of some printing machines equipped abroad are using spectrophotometers.
Third, the method of controlling the printing color quality Printing students, paper, ink, printing plates and other print image quality constraints. When these factors have been fixed, how can the color quality of the printed image be controlled when the image is reproduced on a printing press?
1. According to the upper body production conditions, the printing pressure is adjusted to adjust the printing pressure according to the print image reproduction quality requirements, paper thickness, printing plate and other conditions, so that the image dots are best reproduced.
2. Arranging the color sequence rationally At present, multi-color printing generally uses ink, cyan, magenta, and yellow sequences or cyan, magenta, yellow, and black sequences. This color sequence makes color reproduction easier and more accurate. The thickness of the ink layer is arranged from small to large. For example, when black, cyan, magenta, and yellow are used in offset printing, the thickness of the ink layer is: black ink is 0.8 μm, cyan ink is 0.9 μm, magenta ink is 1. 0μm, yellow ink is 1.1μm; ink viscosity is arranged from large to small, such as black ink 1188Pa, green ink 488Pa, magenta ink is 477Pa, yellow ink is 147Pa. When the ink viscosity does not meet the alignment requirements, the viscosity of the ink can be adjusted in advance.
3. The calibration printer adjusts the printing press according to the proof sheet and the predetermined printing conditions so that the printing image effect matches the printed sheet.
4. During the printing process of the printing press, there are many variables affecting the quality of printing images in the process of controlling color reproduction quality. In order to make up for the adverse effects of these variables, more advanced printing machines such as Heidelberg, Germany, Roland and Mitsubishi, etc. The printer regulates three parameters: the temperature of the inking unit, the ink supply, and the amount of water supplied.
1. Inking device temperature control Some printers are equipped with or optional inking device temperature control device. In the inking process, the ink roll is rotated and oscillated, so that its temperature is increased most. When the temperature is controlled, cooling water is generally introduced into the core of the ink roller to reduce the temperature, and the surface temperature of the ink roller is kept stable. , thereby ensuring a stable supply of ink. Some printing presses, in addition to the ink roller, also cool the water in the ink fountain roller.
2. The amount of ink supplied to control the density of the ink on the surface of the printed image directly affects the reproduction color quality. The density of the solid ink is affected by the amount of ink supplied (the thickness of the ink layer on the surface of the printed image). As the thickness of the ink layer increases, the density of the ground also increases. The density on the spot after reaching a certain point will not increase with the thickness of the ink layer. The amount of ink supply (ink layer thickness) can be adjusted according to the quality information of the printed image surface control strip.
At present, the automatic adjustment of the ink volume of the printing press mainly includes two parts, that is, the overall ink output volume of the ink fountain roller and the adjustment of the ink amount in each local area of ​​the ink roller. The overall ink volume adjustment ensures the correct reproduction of the whole picture gradation and hue of the printed image. Since the printed image is distributed differently across the entire page, the requirements for the amount of ink in each area are also different. Therefore, the ink fountain roller is divided into several parts along the axis of the ink roller. In the small ink area, the ink volume sent by different ink areas is different to meet the different requirements for the amount of ink in each local area of ​​the image.
3. Water supply volume control The size of the offset printing plate must be controlled. The amount of water should be different with the printing press speed, ink supply, etc. to ensure the balance of ink and water, so that the printed image is not blooming, the color saturation is good, and the paste is not pasted. Adjusting the amount of water is achieved by changing the speed of the fountain roller.
V. Conclusion In order to meet the quality requirements for color image printing and reproduction, printed images must be detected and controlled. Modern presses control the quality of printed images by controlling the ink temperature, ink supply, and water supply.