Exploration of the limits of human movements: 1% differences in exercise genes cause differences Read
Bolt
At the 29th Olympic Games in Beijing, Bolt created a world record of 9.69s on behalf of humanity's fastest and most classic 100m run. Once again, he proposed a topic that people should repeat before each new world record: Humanity Where is the limit of 100m run? Is there any limit to human movement?
What is the close relationship between the limit of human movement and what?
Physiological limit
The limits of human physiology restrict the improvement of 100m performance. Because, if athletes want to surpass Bolt's world record, they will make their body's enzyme content three times higher than the average person, which has reached the limit of the human body. At the same time, the pressure on the athlete's femoral head is 6 times the weight, which also reaches the limit. Also, the level of lactic acid in the blood has limitations on the improvement of athletic performance, because the lactate in the blood of an athlete cannot exceed 170 mg. In short, the human physiological limit is the theoretical basis for the limited theory of movement.
2. Movement genes
Related research shows that 99% of human exercise genes are the same, only 1% different. And it is precisely this 1% that has caused differences in athletic ability among different races.
In recent years, Jamaican athletes repeatedly broke the 100m world record in track and field, which aroused the research interests of scientists. Professor Morrison of the Jamaica Institute of Technology and others, together with scientists from the University of the West Indies in Jamaica and Glasgow University in the United Kingdom, conducted research on more than 200 Jamaican athletes and found that 70% of them had a substance called Actinen A in their bodies. This substance can improve the muscle fibers associated with instant speed, and these muscle fibers can make athletes run faster. In contrast, only 30% of athletes in Australia have Actinen A.
Actinen A is derived from the speed booster ACTN3 (alpha-actinin 3) gene. At present, all sporting powers in the world are targeting the ACTN3 gene. Some studies also suggest that the ACTN3 gene is only one of the elite athlete's genes. There are many genes associated with athletic talent, such as another gene called angiotensin converting enzyme (AcE), which produces AcE that can affect the human body. The oxygen utilization rate of muscles and the growth rate of muscles change the athletic performance.
It is through the use of special sports genes that Jamaican athletes write miracles on track and field again and again, thus also rewriting the limit of human movements again and again. However, it should be noted that of today’s elite track and field players, Jamaicans account for a large proportion of them, and their congenital advantages are also enjoyed on average. The current world record is also realized under special motion genes, so this gene will break through in the future. The role of man's movement limit is limited.
3. Body shape
In recent years, the figure of an excellent 100-meter athlete has, without exception, extremely advanced muscles of the extremities and a tall and mighty body. For example, Lewis was 1.88m tall, Maurice Green was 1.86m tall, and Powell was also 1.88m. He broke the world record afterwards. Bolt's height is 1.92m, and the tallness of track and field athletes has become an inevitable trend. In the past, we all thought that track and field athletes were short stature, but today, to be an excellent athlete on a short-distance project, tall is a basic condition, because the 100m run itself is a cyclical movement, that is, people rely on two legs to do If a swing cycle is completed, then with the same frequency of wobble, it is obvious that people with long legs have a large advantage, so the strength and length of the lower limbs become increasingly important factors. Today, not only the lower extremities, but also the muscles of the upper extremities and the entire body are involved in short-distance running. In this way, if the whole body muscles are well-developed, the fast muscles naturally have a large weight, and the good coordination of the whole body can ensure that the sprinters are in hypoxia. In the event of a burst of more energy, it runs faster.
Of course, not taller is better, but referring to the athlete index of all sports, the height of 1.95m should be the most harmonious, most reasonable and standard height of future track and field athletes. According to this standard, the existing 100m run The results of sports should be able to increase by at least 0.1 s. The increase is very limited.
4. Reactivity
In order to achieve good results in the 100m run, the instant response speed of the gunshot has become an important factor. Do not underestimate this point, although everyone knows it is minimal, but for the current 100m race, you can increase the 0.01s to break the world record. At present, most athletes judge the starting time based on hearing. Bolt's gunshot instant response to the creation of a world record was 0.150s.
The so-called gunshot instant reaction speed refers to the timing of athletes' ankle starting blocks after the command gunshot. But the speed of sound is lower than the speed of light, that is to say, relying on hearing is definitely slower than vision. Therefore, it is no exaggeration to predict that in the future the human 100m race is surely the athlete's vision to determine his starting time. Therefore, if the athlete has improved in response, the speed limit can be increased by at least 0.05s, but it is also limited.
5. Muscle and muscle tolerance
The speed of human 100m runs also depends on the body structure and how much stress the bones and muscles can tolerate. This pressure comes not only from the outside but also from the inside.
External pressures such as weight lifting on the body pressure and high jumps require pressure from gravity. The internal pressure is also divided into two aspects, one is to bear the weight of the body, and the other is to bear the pressure caused by muscle contraction and exerting force on one's own bones and muscles. Muscles are tissues attached to bones, and they also determine the limits of human motion.
Most of the motivation for the athlete to run forward is provided by the contraction of the quadriceps, which is connected to the knee. When running, muscles, joints, and bones need to withstand this kind of strong pressure from muscle contractions.
In addition, in the human body structure, the buffering forces of bones and joints also restrict the speed of human motion. There are three "springs" in the human body to relieve pressure: the first "spring" on the spine is the "sponge-cushion" between the vertebrae - the intervertebral disc; the second "spring" is the muscles in the legs and The tendon that connects muscles and bones; the third “spring†is the arch of the foot, which is the arched structure of the sole of the foot. These three “springs†also restrict the limits of human movement. Similarly, humans can only act on this basis and cannot exceed this limit.
6. Natural external force
Natural external force is the accidental factor that creates the limit of movement. It includes wind power, climate, temperature, etc. It also plays an important role in outdoor track and field. According to the analysis of sports researchers, in the track and field events such as sprints and hurdles, the difference in the weather conditions between the wind and the wind is obvious.
What are the limits that humans are subjected to in all aspects of sports?
1. Humans can withstand the limit of acceleration
The body's chest protects the heart from damage caused by impact, but its protective function is somewhat weak under the development of modern science and technology. Perhaps, when it reaches a certain degree of acceleration, the chest does not protect it at all.
NASA and military researchers have made great strides in finding this answer. They need to understand this data in order to create a safe aircraft and spacecraft. Lateral acceleration will cause harm to the human body due to the asymmetrical force applied to the human body. According to a study published in Popular Science, the acceleration of 14 g can separate people's organs, and the acceleration of 4 to 8 g can make people unconscious.
The forward or backward acceleration is more tolerable to the body. Experiments conducted by the military in the 40s and 50s of the 20th century showed that the human body can withstand a deceleration of 45 g. At this rate, the person decelerates from a speed of 1000 km/h to a stop of only 1 second. However, according to the research results, the human body will still be torn under the deceleration condition of 50 g.
2. Its own speed limit
Stanford University researchers pointed out that speed depends on the body's strong muscles and slender limbs, because the body has a certain weight, so every increase in the speed of one second will increase the energy consumption. The ratio of speed to energy consumption is limited. This limit may be 9.48 seconds. The women’s 100m world record holder—Sprinter Joyner, her husband—American track and field expert Cauchy had made the statement that the 9th-second 76 would be the limit of human hundred meters, but he has now corrected his point of view. He believes that the new scientific concept is always unimaginable, and the so-called limit is only the limit of the original training level. According to Cosy, "When things like science and technology and training ideas are turned upside down, God knows what will happen!"
Unlike sports experts, 9 seconds, 9 seconds, 8 seconds, and 9 seconds, which are seemingly “conservative†predictions, mathematics, physics, and physiology experts have a more radical view of the 100-meter limit. Prof. Ainin Malu, a Dutch mathematician living in Germany, infers the limit of human hundred meters to 9 seconds 29 through complex calculations. This is the fastest theoretical speed and the product under pure ideal conditions. Taking into account the resistance of the human body to air resistance, muscle load capacity, and the power consumed to obtain driving force from depression, the “mathematical experts†believe that 9 seconds 64 is a more reasonable speed because people cannot eliminate air resistance. Muscle toughness is also certain, if the speed is too fast, the muscle will tear.
In order to create brilliance in the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Gay, Powell, and Bolt have all adjusted their status to the top, and these three hundred-meter new ideas will undoubtedly have the chance to break the 9-second 70 mark. The current 100-meter athletes no longer pursue template-style bodybuilding and movement. Gay has a frenzied leg swing frequency, Powell’s upper body strength is strong, and Bolt’s stature is long and slender. In fact, they all subvert traditional and talented individuals. Hey. It is because they are different from the traditional style, so no one knows how fast they can run.
When sprinting, if the speed exceeds 43.06km/h, the quadriceps tendons and knees of the legs will separate.
3. withstand the speed limit of gravity
When the roller coaster dives down, people only suffer 5 times the acceleration of gravity and they feel dizzy and nauseous. The maximum record of humans receiving gravity acceleration is 31.25g. If they are not trained, they will generally lose consciousness when they receive 6g.
4. withstand the limit of strength
Experts at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles have pointed out that how much weight one can eventually lift depends on the number of muscle fibers. In general, people with shorter limbs are more powerful.
Each muscle fiber of muscle tissue can produce a force of about 0.3 micronewtons, and a force of about 100 newtons (about 10 kilograms) can be generated per square centimeter of muscle. But the forearm bones will be crushed under the pressure of about 5,000 kg. If you assume that arm muscles can provide half of the force, and the rest of the force comes from the legs, buttocks, and shoulders, you still need to mobilize all muscles within 55 cm of the triceps and around it to achieve this strength.
Therefore, the theoretical limit of the endurance force is 5,000 kilograms, while the current record is 300 kilograms.
5. Heart rate limit
1 minute 220 times, this refers to the limit of the heart movement, and is the number of heart beats that have been scientifically discovered so far that the heart can work at its maximum limit. Above this value, the heart cannot continue to perform normal blood bouts. Scientific research has found that even when participating in physical exercise, it is impossible to exceed this limit when testing and assessing the effects of exercise.
Can humans break through the bottleneck of "movement limit"?
In July 2001, Julie Cayley, an 86-year-old lady who lives in Florida, raised a child and lifted a 2-ton car! I think this example is the best example of human beings accidentally hitting the ground to discover the exciting potential.
With regard to the limits that humans can withstand during exercise, this is a very delicate matter and it is difficult to inspire them under normal circumstances. On the Internet, in reality, there are so many examples that prove to us that it is possible to explode our potential when we must do something to threaten our lives or subconsciously. Extreme sports are like an emergency. If people are often in a state of emergency fighting, the body will feel particularly weak when this process is over. In the long run, life will be overdrawn.
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