Color and color management terminology
1. No color achromatic color
A color with zero saturation, that is, gray at all levels between black, white, and black and white.
2. Black body
Also known as a complete radiator, it neither reflects nor transmits, but is an imaginary object that can fully absorb the radiation falling on it, and fully complies with Planck's law of radiation under the action of radiation.
3. Blackbody radiator blackbody radiator
Also known as Plankian radiator. The spectral energy distribution of blackbody radiation changes with temperature; as the temperature increases, the peak wavelength changes with the colors of red, orange, yellow, green, and blue.
4. Brightness
Distinguish between light and dark colors.
5. Calibration
The process of ensuring that all color production devices (scanners, monitors, printing presses) meet the specifications or standard conditions at the time of construction by the manufacturer, user, or industry.
6. Characterization
The process of determining the system output in response to a known input. The characterization provides a method to obtain the full color gamut and reproduction characteristics of the device.
7. Chromatic adaptation
The phenomenon that the human eye changes its visual sensing ability with the environmental chromaticity and brightness.
8. Chromaticity diagram
A graph that represents chromaticity coordinates on a plane.
9. Chromaticity
A measure of the intensity of the visual perception of the color of the naked eye.
10. Chroma
Referred to as C, to distinguish the degree of bright colors.
11. Colorimeter colorimeter
Used as a three-color measurement device that reflects or transmits light from the surface of an object, similar to the human eye, it converts reflected or transmitted light into a mathematical model. Colorimeters are used to calibrate the characterization of displays and printers.
12. Color temperature
Represents the spectral characteristics of the light source. When the spectral distribution of a light source is the same as the black body radiation, the absolute temperature corresponding to the black body radiation at this time is called the color temperature of the light source.
13. Colorimetric values
Three numerical values ​​representing tristimulus values ​​of color stimulation characteristics.
14. complementary color
In the additive color method, when the two colors of light are mixed in equal amounts to produce white light, or in the subtractive color method, the two colors are mixed in equal amounts to produce black.
15. Color spectrum meter
A color measurement system that can measure the spectral distribution value and chromaticity of objects in the visible range.
[page] 16. Three-dimensional color space CIE L * a * b *
International Commission on Illumination: Mathematical color module based on human's sensitivity to the visual spectrum of light. In its three-dimensional space, L * = brightness, a * = red-green axis of space, b * = blue-yellow axis of space.
17. CMM color matching module CMM
A color conversion calculation method that accepts color data and transforms it into another color space reference data map.
18. CMS color management system color management system
Incorporating color expertise and science into software attempts to simplify color reproduction and automate color adjustments, allowing users to complete color reproduction easily, reliably, and quickly.
19. Color gamut
The range of chromaticity space that a color device can display.
20. Color difference
The color difference value â–³ Eab * in the CIE L * A * B * color space, and the color difference value â–³ Euv * in the CIE LUV color space.
21. Color constancy
No matter how the conditions of the light source change, the visual perception of the color of the object always wants to maintain a certain constant phenomenon.
22. Color appearance model
Mathematical model is used to describe the chromatic change of human vision.
23. Table color system color (order) system
Use data, coordinates, three-dimensional space or other methods to represent color space or position, such as Munsell system, PANTONE system, Lab, Lxy.
24. Color matching
Adjust the intensity of chromaticity between different devices and objects to make the human eye have the same perceptual results.
25. Color mixing system
A system that mixes colors into tens of millions of colors, usually two types of additive and subtractive colors.
26. Color rendering index
The degree to which the light source presents the color of an object is also the degree of color fidelity.
27. Color space color space
It is as important as the color range of the three-dimensional space. It is a device that mathematically defines the chroma and chroma can be printed or displayed.
28. pyramidal cell cone
Located in human eyeballs, cone cells can be divided into red cone cells, green cone cells, and blue cone cells; the theory of the three primary colors of color and its evolution It only plays a role in relatively bright situations (more than a few nits), suitable for low-light vision. It has the characteristics of low sensitivity, high resolution and color resolution.
29. Conversion
Convert color images from the color space of one device to another, also known as color conversion.
30. Relative color temperature related color temperature
If the spectral distribution of a light source is different from the blackbody radiation, but its color characteristics are close to the blackbody radiation color temperature at a certain temperature, the color temperature is the relative color temperature.
[page] 31. Densitometer
A device for measuring the amount of black and white or four-color light reflected or transmitted on the surface of an object. The reflection densitometer is used to read the density of the four-color ink on the printing press. It can also calculate other values ​​such as dot gain, overprinting and chroma errors. The transmission densitometer is used to read the density of color separation films, black and white or color film.
32. Diffuser
The diffuser can reflect the incident light almost uniformly to all angles.
33. dot gain
The percentage (or tone value) of the actual increase in the full tone range or the specific halftone dot percentage. For example, the increase of 20% dots will cause 70% dots to appear in 50% of the intermediate points, and the color tone of the copy will be significantly different from the original.
34. Error diffusion
A technique often used for image processing, especially color image processing. It is a corresponding processing method for diffusing high frequency signals around points.
35. Gamma curve
For devices such as screens, the corresponding function curve between the input value and the output value.
36. Gray Component Replacement
This technology can enhance the detailed parts of the black version, and make the shadow contrast greater. The method of GCR forming the black version is a technology in which the gray part generated by the CYM three colors is replaced with black ink.
37. Hue
The abbreviation H is the characteristic that the main wavelengths of colors are distinguished from each other.
38. Illumination
The degree to which the light source illuminates the object.
39. Color gamut
The range of chromaticity space that a color device can display.
40. Just-perceptible difference
Color difference values ​​that human eyes cannot distinguish anymore.
41. Bright adaptation
When the light intensity of the illumination light changes, the visual function of the human eye will automatically adapt to the adjustment, and the information can still be obtained normally.
42. Brightness
The luminous body emits light intensity.
43. Luminous body
Objects that can self-illuminate, such as the sun, fluorescent lamps, flames, electric lights, etc.
44. Metamerism
Three items with the same stimulus value and different spectral distribution.
45. Neutral color
Neutral gray without color.
46. ​​Dark body non-luminous body
Can not emit light by itself, only by receiving the light of the luminous body can produce a shiny object.
47. Bright vision photopic vision
Under brighter conditions, only the cones work. This visual state is called bright vision.
[page] 48. Rod cell
Located in human eyeballs, it works only when it is relatively dark (brightness is less than 0.01nits), suitable for low-light vision. It has the characteristics of high sensitivity, low resolution, and no color resolution. Its sensitivity range is 400 ~ 600nm.
49. Spectrophotometer spectrophotometer
A device that measures the amount of reflected or transmitted light at fixed intervals throughout the visible spectrum. Spectrophotometric data can be used to calculate the density and chromaticity variables.
50. Brightness value
Abbreviated as V, it is a title that distinguishes between light and dark.
51. Visual angle
The angle formed by the pupils at both ends of the visual target.
52. visual field
It is the area that can be seen by both eyes (at rest).
53. Visible spectrum visual spectrum
Visible light with a wavelength of 380nm ~ 780nm, in this range, the naked eye will cause a reaction and a sense of color.
54. white point
Used as a reference point for color balance measurement in color separation, photography, or photography.
55. Xenon-arc lamps
A light source commonly used in color meters and spectrometers. Because it has an almost continuous emission spectrum in the ultraviolet and visible range, it is used to simulate sunlight.
56. UCR (Under Color Removal)
This technology is used in printing, which can effectively remove the overlapping of colors in the shadow part, and adjust the middle tone to balance the lightness and darkness of the gray.
57. Tristimulus value
It can simulate the three color stimulation values ​​of human eyes, and can match the colors seen by standard observers under the CIE standard lighting.
58. Spectral tristimulus values
Tristimulus values, tristimulus values ​​(X, Y, Z) are the three basic values ​​of the CIE color system, which are composed of three basic color elements such as light source, subject and receiver.
59. Spectral distribution
The fraction of the total energy emitted by the light source for each spectral interval
60. scotopic vision
In darker conditions, only the stalk-shaped body works. This visual state is called dark vision.
61. Saturation
Only the purity of color, the more saturated the spectrum is when it penetrates into other light components.
62. quartz halogen lamp
The most commonly used light sources for color measurement, such as color meters and spectrometers, are continuous spectrum light sources and high color rendering light sources.
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